Utilization of Weather Data in Predicting Bread Loaf Volume by Neural Network Method

The unique ability of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flour to produce cohesive dough has helped to make it the most widely used cereal crop for bread and other baked food products. Measurement of end‐use qualities, such as loaf volume, is ideally carried out through assessing loaves of bread; however, this is resource intensive. Predictive testing methods are more often utilized to identify wheat genotypes with potentially acceptable loaf volume, although more accurate predictive methods would be beneficial. Our objectives were to study the influence of weather observations on bread loaf volume and flour and dough quality data, to use a neural network (NN) model to predict loaf volume with select input data, and to compare the best multiple regression models identified with their NN counterparts. Weather data collected at 20 days after heading (DAH) showed the highest correlations with bread loaf volume when compared with prior intervals. A NN model containing maximum, minimum, and nighttime temperatures produced the highest coefficient of determination for predicting loaf volume. Our results showed that the NN model explained up to 20% more loaf volume variation than a similar regression model. Weather parameters representing conditions at 20 DAH played a significant role in loaf volume prediction.     

Rheological Studies on the Reaction of Zein with Polyethylenemaleic Anhydride

There continues to be interest in developing solvent‐resistant articles from biobased renewable materials to successfully compete with petrochemical products. It was previously shown that reaction of zein with polyethylenemaleic anhydride (PEMA) provides articles that are solvent resistant. The gelation kinetics for the reaction of PEMA with zein was investigated rheologically to better understand this chemistry. The reaction of the nucleophilic groups on zein with the anhydrides on PEMA is the main cause for the gelation reaction. The gelation time was defined as being the point when the elastic modulus (G′) and viscous modulus (G″) cross. In this work, the rate of reaction, in terms of time to gelation, was studied in N,N‐dimethylformamide solution for which the amount of PEMA, the reaction temperature, and the overall reaction concentration were varied. Exponential relationships were found between the gelation time and % PEMA, temperature, and % solids, as well as between elastic modulus with either % PEMA or % solids. The concentration of PEMA had the largest impact on gelation time, for which going from 2.5% PEMA to 6% PEMA reduced the gelation time from 63,114 to 1,576 s. The temperature dependence of this gelation reaction was well described by an Arrhenius plot with an apparent activation energy of 50.5 kJ/mol.     

Effects of Nitrogen Rate and Harvest Moisture Content on Physicochemical Properties and Milling Yields of Rice

Field studies were conducted from 2011 to 2013 near Stuttgart, Arkansas. The impacts of nitrogen rate (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg of N/ha) and harvest moisture content (HMC) (23, 19, and 15%, wet basis) on physicochemical properties and milling yields were determined. Trends were similar for the cultivars evaluated: Cheniere, CL XL745, and Wells. Milled rice yields were only minimally impacted by either N rate or HMC level. Increasing N rate reduced kernel length and thickness of brown rice, chalkiness of brown rice and head rice, and viscosities of head rice flour, and it increased brown rice and head rice crude protein content and head rice yield (HRY). In terms of milling yields and head rice functionality, these data suggest that N rates as low as 90 kg of N/ha could be utilized, should production recommendations be changed. Significant interactions between N rate and HMC level were infrequent and were associated with the 0 kg of N/ha rate, unrealistic for rice production. Decreasing HMC from 23 to 19% reduced kernel length and thickness and increased crude protein content and chalkiness; further decreasing HMC to 15% also increased kernel fissuring and decreased HRY.     

对节白蜡幼苗移栽育苗试验初报

大田播种不易管理，往往因种子还未发芽，苗田就长满杂草并与种子争水、争阳光，造成种子不易发芽，种子甚至发霉、变质、腐烂。而采取砂床播种，便于管理，发芽率高，出土整齐。     

银杏大蚕蝗白僵菌的分离、培养及应用试验

从银杏大蚕蛾僵死虫（蛹）尸上分离的白僵菌B21.1，经过室内扩大培养，生产出含孢量185亿孢子／g菌剂，以其2亿孢子／ml菌液对银杏大蚕蛾幼虫室内毒力测定，表现出很高的致病能力：4天死亡率近半，10天校正死亡率达到98.51%；林间喷雾防治,10天左右致病死亡近50％，21天校正死亡率为84.36％；与其它菌株（剂）试验比较，其致病死亡率和杀虫效果均明显高于其他各供试菌株，表现了较强的专化性。     

Assessment of Rhizospheric Microorganisms of Transgenic Populus tomentosa with Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor (CpTI) Gene

To have a preliminary insight into biosafety of genetically transformed hybrid triploid poplars (Populus tomentosa × P. bolleana) × P. tomentosa with the cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) gene, two layers of rhizospheric soil (from 0 to 20 cm deep and from 20 to 40 cm deep, respectively) were collected for microorganism culture, counting assay and PCR analysis to assess the poten-tial impact of transgenic poplars on non-target microorganism population and transgene dispersal. When the same soil layer of suspension stock solution was diluted at both 1:1 000 and 1:10 000 rates, there were no significant differences in bacterium colony numbers between the inoculation plates of both transgenic and non-transgenic poplars. The uniform results were revealed for both soil layer suspension solutions of identical poplars at both dilution rates except for non-transgenic poplars at 1:10 000 dilution rates from the same type of soil. No significant variation in morphology of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was observed under the microscope. The potential transgene dispersal from root exudates or fallen leaves to non-target microbes was repudiated by PCR analysis, in which no CpTI gene specific DNA band was amplified for 15 sites of transgenic rhizospheric soil samples. It can be concluded that transgenic poplar with the CpTI gene has no severe impact on rhizospheric microorganisms and is tentatively safe to surrounding soil micro-ecosystem.     

新疆杨死亡情况调查及原因分析

通过对阿拉尔地区新疆杨枯死林分的调查，认为新疆杨枯死的主要原因是近年来在国内发现的1种新害虫——克里角梢小蠹Trypophloeus klimeschi Eggers成虫、幼虫危害所致。同时，对其发生危害情况进行了初步观察，为今后进一步制定防范措施提供了依据。     

环境因子对胶南沿海防护林土壤呼吸的影响

对胶南沿海防护林灌草带和混交林的土壤呼吸速率及其环境因子进行了研究，结果表明：两个类型林地的土壤呼吸速率日变化均呈现出单峰式的变化规律；地表温度是影响土壤呼吸速率的最关键因子，与两个类型的土壤呼吸速率都呈极显著正相关关系，相关系数分别是0．958、0．980；气温也是影响土壤呼吸速率的重要因素，与灌草带土壤呼吸速率呈显著正相关，相关系数是0．857；大气温度、土壤湿度和风速对土壤呼吸速率都有一定影响，但不显著，其中风速对土壤呼吸的影响有待于进一步研究。通过逐步回归方法，得出海防林土壤呼吸速率的主要环境因子与土壤呼吸速率之间的回归模型。     

高浓度CO2下红松幼苗根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献

本文于2003年5月至10月在长白山森林生态系统定位站内研究了高浓度CO2(500和700靘olmol-1)对红松幼苗土壤呼吸以及根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献。经过4个生长季高浓度CO2的处理,利用LI-6400-09土壤呼吸室对红松幼苗土壤总呼吸和根系呼吸进行了测定。为了区分根系呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献,本文采用了PVC管断根法,即每种处理下将三根PVC管插入土壤中30cm以切断根系,从而终止了植物冠层对根系碳水化合物的供应。分别于6月16日、8月20日和10月8日对管内外土壤呼吸进行了测定。结果表明大气和土壤5cm温度都存在明显的日变化,但不同处理之间没有显著差别(P>0.05)。土壤总呼吸和断根土壤呼吸也有明显的日变化和季节变化。不同处理之间土壤总呼吸和断根土壤呼吸差异显著(P<0.01)。6月16日、8月20日和10月8日不同处理下土壤总呼吸和根系呼吸的贡献的平均值分别为3.26、4.78和1.47靘olm-2s-1以及11.5%、43.1%和27.9%。图5表1参38。     

管氏肿腿蜂防治双条杉天牛的应用技术

管氏肿腿蜂 Scleroderma guani Xiao et Wu防治双条杉天牛在北京地区最适放蜂时间为 5月下旬至 6月上旬 ,虫蜂数量比为 1∶ 3～ 1∶ 6。化学农药对蜂的杀伤力大于植物性农药